1964年10月14日,金因通过非暴力抵抗与种族不平等作斗争而获得了诺贝尔和平奖。 1965年,他协助组织了塞尔玛(Selma)参加蒙哥马利(Montgomery)游行。在他的最后几年,他扩大了关注范围,将反对贫穷,资本主义和越南战争的反对派包括在内。联邦调查局局长埃德加·胡佛(J. Edgar Hoover)认为他是激进分子,自1963年以来,他就成为联邦调查局COINTELPRO的对象。联邦调查局特工调查了他可能的共产党往来,记录了他的婚外联络并将其报告给政府官员,并于1964年向金王邮寄了一封威胁性的匿名信。,他将其解释为企图自杀。[1]
嫁给艾伯塔省后不久,国王国王就成为了埃比尼泽浸信会的助理牧师。[18]亚当·丹尼尔·威廉姆斯(Adam Daniel Williams)于1931年春因中风去世。[18]秋天,金的父亲接管了教堂的牧师职位,他及时将出席人数从六百人增加到数千人。[18] [5] 1934年,教堂派多国国王前往罗马,突尼斯,埃及,耶路撒冷,伯利恒,然后是柏林,参加浸信会世界联盟(BWA)会议。[20]这次旅行以拜访与新教改革领袖马丁·路德(Martin Luther)有关的柏林结束。[20]在那里,迈克尔·金(Michael King Sr.)见证了纳粹主义的兴起。[20]作为回应,BWA会议发表了一项决议,其中指出:“本大会对违反天父神的法律,一切种族仇恨以及对犹太人,有色人种或世界各地的主题种族。” [21]他于1934年8月返回家乡,并于同年开始称自己为马丁·路德·金(Martin Luther King Sr.),其儿子为马丁·路德·金(Martin Luther King Jr.)。[20] [22] [17]国王的出生证改为“马丁·路德·金”。1957年7月23日,他28岁。[23] [20] [21]
王就读于柯罗泽神学院在切斯特,宾夕法尼亚州。[54] [55]金的父亲完全支持他继续接受教育的决定,并安排金与家人朋友J. Pius Barbour一起工作,他是牧师在切斯特的Cal髅地浸信会的牧师。[56]金被称为““髅地之子”之一,他与威廉·奥古斯都·琼斯·小和塞缪尔·普罗克托分享了这一荣誉,他们后来都成为黑人教堂的知名传教士。[57]
在25在1954年年龄,王被称为作为牧师的德克斯特大街浸礼会教堂在阿拉巴马州蒙哥马利。[63]金获得博士学位。 1955年6月5日获得博士学位(论文最初由埃德加·布莱曼(Edgar S. Brightman)监督,后者去世后由洛坦·哈罗德·德沃尔夫(Lotan Harold DeWolf)指导),题为《保罗·提里奇和亨利·尼尔森·维曼的思想观念比较》。[61]
哈里·瓦特尔(Harry Wachtel)与金的法律顾问克拉伦斯·琼斯(Clarence B. Jones)一起为诽谤案纽约时报公司(New York Times Co.)诉沙利文(Sullivan)的四名SCLC部长辩护;该案是参考报纸广告“ 注意他们的声音不断上升 ” 提起的。 Wachtel建立了免税基金,以支付诉讼费用,并通过更有效的筹款手段协助非暴力民权运动。该组织被称为“甘地人权学会”。金担任该集团的名誉主席。肯尼迪总统处理种族隔离问题的步伐使他不满意。 1962年,金和甘地协会(Kandhi Society)制定了一份文件,呼吁总统遵循亚伯拉罕•林肯(Abraham Lincoln)发出一项行政命令,以打击公民权利,作为一种“ 第二解放宣言”。肯尼迪没有执行该命令。[87]
林登·约翰逊(Lyndon B. Johnson)和罗伯特·肯尼迪(Robert F.Kennedy)与金,本杰明·梅斯(Benjamin Mays)和其他民权领袖,1963年6月22日
在FBI是从总检察长的书面指令下,罗伯特·F·肯尼迪的时候才开始攻王的电话线在1963年的秋天[88]肯尼迪担心的是,在SCLC共产党人的公开指控出轨政府的公民权利的举措。他警告金停止合作,后来感到被迫发布书面指示,授权联邦调查局窃听金和其他SCLC领导人。[89]联邦调查局局长埃德加·胡佛(J. Edgar Hoover)担心民权运动并调查了共产主义渗透的指控。当没有证据支持这一点时,FBI使用了未来五年中记录在磁带上的偶然细节,试图迫使King退出其在COINTELPRO计划中的领导职位。[1]
金后来发表声明,阿伯纳西(Abernathy)写道,该运动在芝加哥的接受度比南部地区差。 3月,特别是1966年8月5日穿过Marquette公园的3月,遭到了扔瓶和尖叫的人群的袭击。暴动似乎很有可能。[159] [160]金的信仰使他的暴力事件变得格格不入,并且他与市长理查德·戴利(Richard J. Daley)商定了取消游行的协议,以避免他担心会导致的暴力。[161]国王在一次游行中被一块砖块击中,但面对人身危险继续前进。[162]
King 在孟菲斯的洛林汽车旅馆(Walter Bailey拥有)306室预订。出席暗杀活动的拉尔夫·阿伯纳西(Ralph Abernathy)向美国众议院暗杀特别委员会作证,国王及其随行人员经常在306室停留,因此被称为“阿伯纳西王套房”。[213]根据在场的杰西·杰克逊(Jesse Jackson )的说法,金在遇刺前在阳台上的遗言是与音乐家本·布兰克(Ben Branch)交谈的,他预定当晚在金所参加的活动中进行表演:“本,请确保您演奏《今晚在会议上握住我的手,宝贝之王,演奏得真漂亮。” [214]
暗杀事件在华盛顿特区,芝加哥,巴尔的摩,路易斯维尔,堪萨斯城以及其他几十个城市引发了全国性的种族骚乱。[222] [223]总统候选人罗伯特·肯尼迪(Robert F. Kennedy)被告知国王之死时,正在前往印第安纳波利斯参加竞选集会。他在支持者聚会上作了简短的即兴演讲,向他们介绍了悲剧,并敦促他们继续执行金的非暴力理想。[224]第二天,他在克利夫兰发表了准备好的回应。[225]小詹姆斯·法默(James Farmer Jr.)和其他民权领袖也呼吁采取非暴力行动,而好斗的斯托克利·卡迈克尔(Stokely Carmichael)则呼吁采取更有力的应对措施。[226]孟菲斯市迅速以有利于环卫工人的条件解决了罢工。[227]
总统林登·约翰逊(Lyndon B. Johnson)宣布4月7日为全国民权领袖哀悼日。[228]副总统休伯特·汉弗莱(Hubert Humphrey)代表总统参加了国王的葬礼,因为人们担心约翰逊的在场可能会引发抗议甚至暴力。[229]应寡妇的要求,国王在埃比尼泽浸信会举行的最后一场讲道在葬礼上进行。[230] 1968年2月4日录制了他的“大鼓”讲道。在葬礼上没有提及他的奖项和荣誉,但是据说他试图“为饥饿的人提供食物”,“给赤裸裸的人穿衣服”,“在[越南]战争问题上正确”和“热爱人类,为人类服务。”[231]
联邦调查局局长埃德加·胡佛(J. Edgar Hoover)亲自下令对金进行监视,以破坏他作为民权领袖的权力。[341] [342]的教堂委员会,由1975年的调查由美国国会发现,“从1963年12月,直到他1968年去世,马丁·路德·金被调查的联邦调查局向集约活动的目标“废除他作为有效的民权领袖。” [343]
1963年秋天,FBI获得总检察长罗伯特·肯尼迪(Robert F. Kennedy)的授权,可以窃听King的电话线,这据说是由于他与Stanley Levison的关系。[344]主席团通知了约翰·肯尼迪总统。他和他的兄弟未成功说服金恩脱离与美国共产党有关的纽约律师李维森。[345] [346]尽管罗伯特·肯尼迪只书面批准了国王的电话线路的有限窃听“试用期为一个月左右”,[347]胡佛延长了许可期限,以便他的手下“毫不费力”地寻找国王认为他们值得的任何生活领域的证据。[89]
美国公众,一直在帮助的教会组织(新教徒,天主教徒和犹太人会因为你的身份而认识你),这是邪恶的野兽。其他支持您的人也会如此。大功告成 国王,只剩下一件事要做。你知道这是什么。您只有34天的时间(出于特定原因选择了这个确切的数字,具有一定的实际意义[ sic ])。大功告成 您只有一条出路。您最好在肮脏的欺诈性自我暴露给国家之前接受它。[370]
^ 跳至: a b哈雷尔,大卫·埃德温;Gaustad,Edwin S .;Miller,Randall M .;鲍尔斯,约翰·B。伍兹,兰德尔·贝内特;格里菲斯(Griffith),萨莉·福尔曼(Sally Foreman)(2005)走向美好的土地:美国人民的历史,第2卷。Wm B Eerdmans Publishing。p。1055.ISBN0-8028-2945-7。
^ Jump up to: abFlowers, R. Barri; Flowers, H. Loraine (2004). Murders in the United States: Crimes, Killers And Victims Of The Twentieth Century. McFarland. p. 38. ISBN0-7864-2075-8.
^ Jump up to: abcd"James Earl Ray Dead At 70". CBS. April 23, 1998. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012. Retrieved June 12, 2008.
^Smith, Robert Charles; Seltzer, Richard (2000). Contemporary Controversies and the American Racial Divide. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 97. ISBN0-7425-0025-X.
^King, Desmond (March 14, 2003). "The colours of conspiracy". Times Higher Education. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
^Branch, Taylor (2006). At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years, 1965–68. Simon & Schuster. p. 770. ISBN978-0-684-85712-1.
^ Jump up to: ab"The History of Fair Housing". U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
^Ansell, Gwen (2005). Soweto Blues: Jazz, Popular Music, and Politics in South Africa. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 139. ISBN0-8264-1753-1.
^ Jump up to: abWard, Brian. "A King in Newcastle; Martin Luther King Jr. and British Race Relations, 1967–1968". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 79 (3): 599–632.
^The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute. Why Jesus Called A Man A Fool. Delivered at Mount Pisgah Missionary Baptist Church, Chicago, Illinois, on 27 August 1967.
^Bennett, Scott H. (2003). Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915–1963. Syracuse University Press. p. 217. ISBN0-8156-3003-4.
^Martin Luther King (December 11, 1964). "Nobel Lecture by MLK". The King Center. p. 12. Archived from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
^King, M. L. Morehouse College (Chapter 2 of The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr.)
^Reinhold Niebuhr and Contemporary Politics: God and Power
^Stott, J. (2004). The Incomparable Christ. InterVarsity Press. p. 149. ISBN978-0-8308-3222-4.
^"Agape". Martin Luther King Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle. The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute. April 24, 2017. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
^King, Martin Luther Jr. (1992). Carson, Clayborne; Holloran, Peter; Luker, Ralph; Russell, Penny A. (eds.). The papers of Martin Luther King Jr. University of California Press. p. 384. ISBN978-0-520-07951-9.
^Strachan, Alex (August 5, 2010). "Nichelle Nichols on playing Star Trek's Lt. Uhura and meeting Dr. King". Canada.com. Archived from the original on February 16, 2020. Retrieved February 16, 2020. Now, Gene Roddenberry was a 6-foot-3 guy with muscles. ... And he sat there with tears in his eyes. He said, ‘Thank God that someone knows what I’m trying to do. Thank God for Dr. Martin Luther King.’
^ Jump up to: abThe Guardian, September 26, 2013, "Declassified NSA Files Show Agency Spied on Muhammad Ali and MLK Operation Minaret Set Up in 1960s to Monitor Anti-Vietnam Critics, Branded 'Disreputable If Not Outright Illegal' by NSA Itself," The Guardian
Garrow, David. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1989). Pulitzer Prize. ISBN978-0-06-056692-0
"James L. Bevel, The Strategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement", a 1984 paper by Randall Kryn, published with a 1988 addendum by Kryn in Prof. David Garrow's We Shall Overcome, Volume II (Carlson Publishing Company, 1989).
Glisson, Susan M. (2006). The Human Tradition in the Civil Rights Movement. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN0-7425-4409-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
King, Martin Luther Jr. (1998). Carson, Clayborne (ed.). Autobiography. Warner Books. ISBN0-446-52412-3.
Carson, Clayborne; Luker, Ralph E.; Russell, Penny A.; Harlan, Louis R., eds. (1992). The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr., Volume I: Called to Serve, January 1929–June 1951. University of California Press. ISBN0-520-07950-7.
Lawson, Steven F.; Payne, Charles M.; Patterson, James T. (2006). Debating the Civil Rights Movement, 1945–1968. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN0-7425-5109-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
King, Martin Luther Jr. (2015). Cornel West (ed.). The Radical King. Beacon Press. ISBN978-0-8070-1282-6.
Kirk, John A., ed. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement: Controversies and Debates (2007). pp. 224
Schulke, Flip; McPhee, Penelope. King Remembered, Foreword by Jesse Jackson (1986). ISBN978-1-4039-9654-1
Waldschmidt-Nelson, Britta. Dreams and Nightmares: Martin Luther King Jr. Malcolm X, and the Struggle for Black Equality. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2012. ISBN0-8130-3723-9.
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. at Buffalo, digital collection of Dr. King's visit and speech in Buffalo, New York on November 9, 1967, from the University at Buffalo Libraries
Martin Luther King Jr. on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1964 The quest for peace and justice
Awards and achievements
Preceded by International Committee of the Red Cross and League of Red Cross Societies
Nobel Peace Prize Laureate 1964
Succeeded by UNICEF
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Martin Luther King Jr.
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Speeches, movements, and protests
Speeches
"Give Us the Ballot" (1957)
"I Have a Dream" (1963)
"How Long, Not Long" (1965)
"Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence" (1967)
"I've Been to the Mountaintop" (1968)
Writings
Stride Toward Freedom (1958)
"What Is Man?" (1959)
"Second Emancipation Proclamation"
Strength to Love (1963)
Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963)
Why We Can't Wait (1964)
Conscience for Change (1967)
Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (1967)
Movements and protests
Montgomery bus boycott (1955–1956)
Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom (1957)
Albany Movement (1961–1962)
Birmingham campaign (1963)
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963)
St. Augustine movement (1963–1964)
Selma to Montgomery marches (1965)
Chicago Freedom Movement (1966)
Mississippi March Against Fear (1966)
Anti-VietnamWar movement (1967)
Memphis sanitation strike (1968)
Poor People's Campaign (1968)
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People
Family
Coretta Scott King (wife)
Yolanda King (daughter)
Martin Luther King III (son)
Dexter King (son)
Bernice King (daughter)
Martin Luther King Sr. (father)
Alberta Williams King (mother)
Christine King Farris (sister)
A. D. King (brother)
Alveda King (niece)
Other leaders
Ralph Abernathy (mentor, colleague)
Ella Baker (colleague)
James Bevel (strategist / colleague)
Dorothy Cotton (colleague)
Jesse Jackson (protégé)
Bernard Lafayette (colleague)
James Lawson (colleague)
John Lewis (colleague)
Joseph Lowery (colleague)
Benjamin Mays (mentor)
Diane Nash (colleague)
James Orange (colleague)
Bayard Rustin (advisor)
Fred Shuttlesworth (colleague)
C. T. Vivian (colleague)
Wyatt Walker (colleague)
Hosea Williams (colleague)
Andrew Young (colleague)
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Assassination
James Earl Ray
Lorraine Motel (now National Civil Rights Museum)
Funeral
Martin Luther King Jr. Records Collection Act
Riots
Loyd Jowers
Loyd Jowers trial
United States House Select Committee on Assassinations
Conspiracy theories
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Media
Film
King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis (1970 documentary)
Our Friend, Martin (1999 animated)
Boycott (2001 film)
The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306 (2008 documentary)
Selma (2014 film)
All the Way (2016 film)
King in the Wilderness (2018 documentary)
Television
King (1978 miniseries)
"The First Store" (The Jeffersons, 1980)
"Great X-Pectations" (A Different World, 1993)
"The Promised Land" (New York Undercover, 1997)
"Return of the King" (The Boondocks, 2006)
Alpha Man: The Brotherhood of MLK (2011 documentary)
Plays
The Meeting (1987)
The Mountaintop (2009)
I Dream (2010)
All the Way (2012)
Illustrated
Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story (1957 comic book)
Music
"Abraham, Martin and John" (Dion)
"March! For Martin Luther King" (John Fahey)
"Martin Luther King's Dream" (Strawbs)
"Happy Birthday" (Stevie Wonder)
"Pride (In the Name of Love)" (U2)
"MLK" (U2)
"King Holiday" (King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew)
"By the Time I Get to Arizona" (Public Enemy)
"Shed a Little Light" (James Taylor)
"Up to the Mountain" (Patti Griffin)
"Never Alone Martin" (Jason Upton)
"Symphony of Brotherhood" (Miri Ben-Ari)
Joseph Schwantner: New Morning for the World; Nicolas Flagello: The Passion of Martin Luther King (1995 album)
"A Dream" (Common featuring will.i.am)
"Glory" (Common and John Legend)
Related
Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. v. CBS, Inc.
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Related topics
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Martin Luther King Jr. Day
passage
Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
National Historical Park
King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
National Civil Rights Museum
Big Six
Authorship issues
FBI–King suicide letter
Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity
Season for Nonviolence
U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture
Oval Office bust
Homage to King sculpture, Atlanta
Denver statue
Statue of Martin Luther King Jr., Houston
Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial, San Francisco
Landmark for Peace Memorial, Indianapolis
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. statue, Milwaukee
The Dream sculpture, Portland, Oregon
Martin Luther King, Jr., Prophet for Peace, Pueblo, Colorado statue
Martin Luther King Jr. Mexico City statue
Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library, Washington, D.C.
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library, San Jose
Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.
Eponymous streets
America in the King Years
Civil rights movement in popular culture
Lee–Jackson–King Day
Martin Luther King High School (disambiguation)
Lycée Martin Luther King (disambiguation)
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Awards for Martin Luther King Jr.
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Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album
1959−1980
Stan Freberg – The Best of the Stan Freberg Shows (1959)
Carl Sandburg – Lincoln Portrait (1960)
Robert Bialek (producer) – FDR Speaks (1961)
Leonard Bernstein – Humor in Music (1962)
Charles Laughton – The Story-Teller: A Session With Charles Laughton (1963)
Edward Albee (playwright) – Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1964)
That Was the Week That Was – BBC Tribute to John F. Kennedy (1965)
Goddard Lieberson (producer) – John F. Kennedy - As We Remember Him (1966)
Edward R. Murrow – Edward R. Murrow - A Reporter Remembers, Vol. I The War Years (1967)
Everett Dirksen – Gallant Men (1968)
Rod McKuen – Lonesome Cities (1969)
Art Linkletter & Diane Linkletter – We Love You Call Collect (1970)
Martin Luther King Jr. – Why I Oppose the War in Vietnam (1971)
Les Crane – Desiderata (1972)
Bruce Botnick (producer) – Lenny performed by the original Broadway cast (1973)
Richard Harris – Jonathan Livingston Seagull (1974)
Peter Cook and Dudley Moore – Good Evening (1975)
James Whitmore – Give 'em Hell, Harry! (1976)
Henry Fonda, Helen Hayes, James Earl Jones and Orson Welles – Great American Documents (1977)
Julie Harris – The Belle of Amherst (1978)
Orson Welles – Citizen Kane Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1979)
John Gielgud – Ages of Man - Readings From Shakespeare (1980)
1981−2000
Pat Carroll – Gertrude Stein, Gertrude Stein, Gertrude Stein (1981)
Orson Welles – Donovan's Brain (1982)
Tom Voegeli (producer) – Raiders of the Lost Ark - The Movie on Record performed by Various Artists (1983)
William Warfield – Lincoln Portrait (1984)
Ben Kingsley – The Words of Gandhi (1985)
Mike Berniker (producer) & the original Broadway cast – Ma Rainey's Black Bottom (1986)
Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Chips Moman, Ricky Nelson, Roy Orbison, Carl Perkins and Sam Phillips – Interviews From the Class of '55 Recording Sessions (1987)
Garrison Keillor – Lake Wobegon Days (1988)
Jesse Jackson – Speech by Rev. Jesse Jackson (1989)
Gilda Radner – It's Always Something (1990)
George Burns – Gracie: A Love Story (1991)
Ken Burns – The Civil War (1992)
Earvin "Magic" Johnson and Robert O'Keefe – What You Can Do to Avoid AIDS (1993)
Maya Angelou – On the Pulse of Morning (1994)
Henry Rollins – Get in the Van (1995)
Maya Angelou – Phenomenal Woman (1996)
Hillary Clinton – It Takes a Village (1997)
Charles Kuralt – Charles Kuralt's Spring (1998)
Christopher Reeve – Still Me (1999)
LeVar Burton – The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr. (2000)
2001−present
Sidney Poitier, Rick Harris & John Runnette (producers) – The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography (2001)
Quincy Jones, Jeffrey S. Thomas, Steven Strassman (engineers) and Elisa Shokoff (producer) – Q: The Autobiography of Quincy Jones (2002)
Maya Angelou and Charles B. Potter (producer) – A Song Flung Up to Heaven / Robin Williams, Nathaniel Kunkel (engineer/mixer) and Peter Asher (producer) – Robin Williams: Live on Broadway - Live 2002 (2003)
Al Franken and Paul Ruben (producer) – Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them (2004)
Bill Clinton – My Life (2005)
Barack Obama – Dreams from My Father (2006)
Jimmy Carter – Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis / Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee - With Ossie and Ruby (2007)
Barack Obama and Jacob Bronstein (producer) – The Audacity of Hope (2008)
Beau Bridges, Cynthia Nixon and Blair Underwood – An Inconvenient Truth by Al Gore (2009)
Michael J. Fox – Always Looking Up (2010)
Jon Stewart – The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Presents Earth (The Audiobook) (2011)
Betty White – If You Ask Me (And Of Course You Won't) (2012)
Janis Ian – Society's Child (2013)
Stephen Colbert – America Again: Re-becoming The Greatness We Never Weren't (2014)
Joan Rivers – Diary of a Mad Diva (2015)
Jimmy Carter – A Full Life: Reflections at 90 (2016)
Carol Burnett – In Such Good Company: Eleven Years of Laughter, Mayhem, and Fun in the Sandbox (2017)
Carrie Fisher – The Princess Diarist (2018)
Jimmy Carter – Faith: A Journey for All (2019)
Michelle Obama – Becoming (2020)
show
Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize
1901–1925
1901: Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy
1902: Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat
1903: Randal Cremer
1904: Institut de Droit International
1905: Bertha von Suttner
1906: Theodore Roosevelt
1907: Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault
1908: Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer
1909: A. M. F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant
1910: International Peace Bureau
1911: Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried
1912: Elihu Root
1913: Henri La Fontaine
1914
1915
1916
1917: International Committee of the Red Cross
1918
1919: Woodrow Wilson
1920: Léon Bourgeois
1921: Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange
1922: Fridtjof Nansen
1923
1924
1925: Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes
1926–1950
1926: Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann
1927: Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde
1928
1929: Frank B. Kellogg
1930: Nathan Söderblom
1931: Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler
1932
1933: Norman Angell
1934: Arthur Henderson
1935: Carl von Ossietzky
1936: Carlos Saavedra Lamas
1937: Robert Cecil
1938: Nansen International Office for Refugees
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944: International Committee of the Red Cross
1945: Cordell Hull
1946: Emily Balch / John Mott
1947: Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee
1948
1949: John Boyd Orr
1950: Ralph Bunche
1951–1975
1951: Léon Jouhaux
1952: Albert Schweitzer
1953: George Marshall
1954: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1955
1956
1957: Lester B. Pearson
1958: Georges Pire
1959: Philip Noel-Baker
1960: Albert Lutuli
1961: Dag Hammarskjöld
1962: Linus Pauling
1963: International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies
1964: Martin Luther King Jr.
1965: UNICEF
1966
1967
1968: René Cassin
1969: International Labour Organization
1970: Norman Borlaug
1971: Willy Brandt
1972
1973: Lê Đức Thọ (declined award) / Henry Kissinger
1974: Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō
1975: Andrei Sakharov
1976–2000
1976: Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan
1977: Amnesty International
1978: Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin
1979: Mother Teresa
1980: Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
1981: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1982: Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles
1983: Lech Wałęsa
1984: Desmond Tutu
1985: International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
1986: Elie Wiesel
1987: Óscar Arias
1988: UN Peacekeeping Forces
1989: Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)
1990: Mikhail Gorbachev
1991: Aung San Suu Kyi
1992: Rigoberta Menchú
1993: Nelson Mandela / F. W. de Klerk
1994: Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat
1995: Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat
1996: Carlos Belo / José Ramos-Horta
1997: International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams
1998: John Hume / David Trimble
1999: Médecins Sans Frontières
2000: Kim Dae-jung
2001–present
2001: United Nations / Kofi Annan
2002: Jimmy Carter
2003: Shirin Ebadi
2004: Wangari Maathai
2005: International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei
2006: Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus
2007: Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2008: Martti Ahtisaari
2009: Barack Obama
2010: Liu Xiaobo
2011: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman
2012: European Union
2013: Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
2014: Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai
2015: Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
2016: Juan Manuel Santos
2017: International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
2018: Denis Mukwege / Nadia Murad
2019: Abiy Ahmed
show
Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award laureates
1960s
1964John Howard Griffin / John F. Kennedy
1965Martin Luther King Jr.
1966R. Sargent Shriver
1967A. Philip Randolph
1968James Groppi
1969Saul Alinsky
1970s
1971Dorothy Day
1974Harold Hughes
1975Hélder Câmara
1976Mother Teresa
1979Thomas Gumbleton
1980s
1980Crystal Lee Sutton / Ernest Leo Unterkoefler
1982George F. Kennan
1983Helen Caldicott
1985Joseph Bernardin
1986Maurice John Dingman
1987Desmond Tutu
1989Eileen Egan
1990s
1990Mairead Maguire
1991María Julia Hernández
1992César Chávez
1993Daniel Berrigan
1995Jim Wallis
1996Samuel Ruiz
1997Jim and Shelley Douglass
2000s
2000George G. Higgins
2001Lech Wałęsa
2002Gwen Hennessey / Dorothy Hennessey
2004Arthur Simon
2005Donald Mosley
2007Salim Ghazal
2008Marvin Mottet
2009Hildegard Goss-Mayr
2010s
2010John Dear
2011Álvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri
2012Kim Bobo
2013Jean Vanier
2014Simone Campbell
2015Thích Nhất Hạnh
2016Gustavo Gutiérrez
2017Widad Akreyi
2019Dalai Lama
Catholicism portal
show
Time Persons of the Year
1927–1950
Charles Lindbergh (1927)
Walter Chrysler (1928)
Owen D. Young (1929)
Mohandas Gandhi (1930)
Pierre Laval (1931)
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932)
Hugh S. Johnson (1933)
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934)
Haile Selassie (1935)
Wallis Simpson (1936)
Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937)
Adolf Hitler (1938)
Joseph Stalin (1939)
Winston Churchill (1940)
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941)
Joseph Stalin (1942)
George Marshall (1943)
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944)
Harry S. Truman (1945)
James F. Byrnes (1946)
George Marshall (1947)
Harry S. Truman (1948)
Winston Churchill (1949)
The American Fighting-Man (1950)
1951–1975
Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951)
Elizabeth II (1952)
Konrad Adenauer (1953)
John Foster Dulles (1954)
Harlow Curtice (1955)
Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956)
Nikita Khrushchev (1957)
Charles de Gaulle (1958)
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959)
U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960)
John F. Kennedy (1961)
Pope John XXIII (1962)
Martin Luther King Jr. (1963)
Lyndon B. Johnson (1964)
William Westmoreland (1965)
The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966)
Lyndon B. Johnson (1967)
The Apollo 8 Astronauts: William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968)
The Middle Americans (1969)
Willy Brandt (1970)
Richard Nixon (1971)
Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972)
John Sirica (1973)
King Faisal (1974)
American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975)
1976–2000
Jimmy Carter (1976)
Anwar Sadat (1977)
Deng Xiaoping (1978)
Ayatollah Khomeini (1979)
Ronald Reagan (1980)
Lech Wałęsa (1981)
The Computer (1982)
Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983)
Peter Ueberroth (1984)
Deng Xiaoping (1985)
Corazon Aquino (1986)
Mikhail Gorbachev (1987)
The Endangered Earth (1988)
Mikhail Gorbachev (1989)
George H. W. Bush (1990)
Ted Turner (1991)
Bill Clinton (1992)
The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993)
Pope John Paul II (1994)
Newt Gingrich (1995)
David Ho (1996)
Andrew Grove (1997)
Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998)
Jeff Bezos (1999)
George W. Bush (2000)
2001–present
Rudolph Giuliani (2001)
The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002)
The American Soldier (2003)
George W. Bush (2004)
The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005)
You (2006)
Vladimir Putin (2007)
Barack Obama (2008)
Ben Bernanke (2009)
Mark Zuckerberg (2010)
The Protester (2011)
Barack Obama (2012)
Pope Francis (2013)
Ebola Fighters: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014)
Angela Merkel (2015)
Donald Trump (2016)
The Silence Breakers (2017)
The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018)
Greta Thunberg (2019)
Book
show
Presidents of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Martin Luther King Jr. (1957–1968)
Ralph Abernathy (1968–1977)
Joseph Lowery (1977–1997)
Martin Luther King III (1997–2004)
Fred Shuttlesworth (2004)
Charles Steele Jr. (2004–2009)
Howard W. Creecy Jr. (2009–2011)
Charles Steele Jr. (2012–present)
show
Civil rights movement (1950s and 1960s)
Notable events (timeline)
Prior to 1954
Journey of Reconciliation
Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
1954–1959
Brown v. Board of Education
Bolling v. Sharpe
Briggs v. Elliott
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
Gebhart v. Belton
White America, Inc.
Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
Emmett Till
Montgomery bus boycott
Browder v. Gayle
Tallahassee bus boycott
Mansfield school desegregation
1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
"Give Us the Ballot"
Royal Ice Cream sit-in
Little Rock Nine
National Guard blockade
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Kissing Case
Biloxi wade-ins
1960–1963
New Year's Day March
Greensboro sit-ins
Nashville sit-ins
Sit-in movement
Greenville Eight
Civil Rights Act of 1960
Ax Handle Saturday
Gomillion v. Lightfoot
Boynton v. Virginia
Rock Hill sit-ins
Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
Freedom Rides
attacks
Garner v. Louisiana
Albany Movement
Cambridge Movement
University of Chicago sit-ins
"Second Emancipation Proclamation"
Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
"Segregation now, segregation forever"
Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
1963 Birmingham campaign
Letter from Birmingham Jail
Children's Crusade
Birmingham riot
16th Street Baptist Church bombing
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
Detroit Walk to Freedom
March on Washington
"I Have a Dream"
Big Six
St. Augustine movement
1964–1968
Twenty-fourth Amendment
Chester School Protests
Bloody Tuesday
Freedom Summer
workers' murders
Civil Rights Act of 1964
1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
"How Long, Not Long"
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
March Against Fear
White House Conference on Civil Rights
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
Memphis sanitation strike
King assassination
funeral
riots
Poor People's Campaign
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Fair Housing Act
Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
Activist groups
Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
Atlanta Student Movement
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Committee for Freedom Now
Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
Council of Federated Organizations
Dallas County Voters League
Deacons for Defense and Justice
Georgia Council on Human Relations
Highlander Folk School
Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
Lowndes County Freedom Organization
Montgomery Improvement Association
Nashville Student Movement
NAACP
Youth Council
Northern Student Movement
National Council of Negro Women
National Urban League
Operation Breadbasket
Regional Council of Negro Leadership
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Southern Regional Council
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
The Freedom Singers
United Auto Workers (UAW)
Wednesdays in Mississippi
Women's Political Council
Activists
Ralph Abernathy
Victoria Gray Adams
Zev Aelony
Mathew Ahmann
Muhammad Ali
William G. Anderson
Gwendolyn Armstrong
Arnold Aronson
Ella Baker
Marion Barry
Daisy Bates
Harry Belafonte
James Bevel
Claude Black
Gloria Blackwell
Randolph Blackwell
Unita Blackwell
Ezell Blair Jr.
Joanne Bland
Julian Bond
Joseph E. Boone
William Holmes Borders
Amelia Boynton
Raylawni Branch
Stanley Branche
Ruby Bridges
Aurelia Browder
H. Rap Brown
Guy Carawan
Stokely Carmichael
Johnnie Carr
James Chaney
J. L. Chestnut
Colia Lafayette Clark
Ramsey Clark
Septima Clark
Xernona Clayton
Eldridge Cleaver
Kathleen Cleaver
Charles E. Cobb Jr.
Annie Lee Cooper
Dorothy Cotton
Claudette Colvin
Vernon Dahmer
Jonathan Daniels
Joseph DeLaine
Dave Dennis
Annie Devine
Patricia Stephens Due
Joseph Ellwanger
Charles Evers
Medgar Evers
Myrlie Evers-Williams
Chuck Fager
James Farmer
Walter Fauntroy
James Forman
Marie Foster
Golden Frinks
Andrew Goodman
Fred Gray
Jack Greenberg
Dick Gregory
Lawrence Guyot
Prathia Hall
Fannie Lou Hamer
William E. Harbour
Vincent Harding
Dorothy Height
Lola Hendricks
Aaron Henry
Oliver Hill
Donald L. Hollowell
James Hood
Myles Horton
Zilphia Horton
T. R. M. Howard
Ruby Hurley
Jesse Jackson
Jimmie Lee Jackson
Richie Jean Jackson
T. J. Jemison
Esau Jenkins
Barbara Rose Johns
Vernon Johns
Frank Minis Johnson
Clarence Jones
J. Charles Jones
Matthew Jones
Vernon Jordan
Tom Kahn
Clyde Kennard
A. D. King
C.B. King
Coretta Scott King
Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Sr.
Bernard Lafayette
James Lawson
Bernard Lee
Sanford R. Leigh
Jim Letherer
Stanley Levison
John Lewis
Viola Liuzzo
Z. Alexander Looby
Joseph Lowery
Clara Luper
Malcolm X
Mae Mallory
Vivian Malone
Thurgood Marshall
Benjamin Mays
Franklin McCain
Charles McDew
Ralph McGill
Floyd McKissick
Joseph McNeil
James Meredith
William Ming
Jack Minnis
Amzie Moore
Cecil B. Moore
Douglas E. Moore
Harriette Moore
Harry T. Moore
William Lewis Moore
Irene Morgan
Bob Moses
William Moyer
Elijah Muhammad
Diane Nash
Charles Neblett
Edgar Nixon
Jack O'Dell
James Orange
Rosa Parks
James Peck
Charles Person
Homer Plessy
Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
Fay Bellamy Powell
Al Raby
Lincoln Ragsdale
A. Philip Randolph
George Raymond
George Raymond Jr.
Bernice Johnson Reagon
Cordell Reagon
James Reeb
Frederick D. Reese
Walter Reuther
Gloria Richardson
David Richmond
Bernice Robinson
Jo Ann Robinson
Bayard Rustin
Bernie Sanders
Michael Schwerner
Cleveland Sellers
Charles Sherrod
Alexander D. Shimkin
Fred Shuttlesworth
Modjeska Monteith Simkins
Glenn E. Smiley
A. Maceo Smith
Kelly Miller Smith
Mary Louise Smith
Maxine Smith
Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
Charles Kenzie Steele
Hank Thomas
Dorothy Tillman
A. P. Tureaud
Hartman Turnbow
Albert Turner
C. T. Vivian
Wyatt Tee Walker
Hollis Watkins
Walter Francis White
Roy Wilkins
Hosea Williams
Kale Williams
Robert F. Williams
Andrew Young
Whitney Young
Sammy Younge Jr.
James Zwerg
Influences
Nonviolence
Padayatra
Sermon on the Mount
Mahatma Gandhi
Ahimsa
Satyagraha
The Kingdom of God Is Within You
Frederick Douglass
W. E. B. Du Bois
Mary McLeod Bethune
Related
Jim Crow laws
Lynching in the United States
Plessy v. Ferguson
Separate but equal
Buchanan v. Warley
Hocutt v. Wilson
Sweatt v. Painter
Hernandez v. Texas
Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
Katzenbach v. McClung
Loving v. Virginia
African-American women in the movement
Fifth Circuit Four
Brown Chapel
Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
Holt Street Baptist Church
Edmund Pettus Bridge
March on Washington Movement
African-American churches attacked
List of lynching victims in the United States
Freedom Songs
"Kumbaya"
"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
"Oh, Freedom"
"This Little Light of Mine"
"We Shall Not Be Moved"
"We Shall Overcome"
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
"Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence"
Watts riots
Voter Education Project
1960s counterculture
Eyes on the Prize
Honoring
In popular culture
Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
Freedom Riders National Monument
Civil Rights Memorial
Other King memorials
Noted historians
Taylor Branch
Clayborne Carson
John Dittmer
Michael Eric Dyson
Chuck Fager
Adam Fairclough
David Garrow
David Halberstam
Vincent Harding
Steven F. Lawson
Doug McAdam
Diane McWhorter
Charles M. Payne
Timothy Tyson
Akinyele Umoja
Movement photographers
show
Civil Rights Memorial
Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)
Designer
Maya Lin
Martyrs
Louis Allen
Willie Brewster
Benjamin Brown
Johnnie Mae Chappell
James Chaney
Addie Mae Collins
Vernon Dahmer
Jonathan Daniels
Henry Hezekiah Dee
Roman Ducksworth Jr.
Willie Edwards
Medgar Evers
Andrew Goodman
Paul Guihard
Samuel Hammond Jr.
Jimmie Lee Jackson
Wharlest Jackson
Martin Luther King Jr.
Bruce W. Klunder
George W. Lee
Herbert Lee
Viola Liuzzo
Carol Denise McNair
Delano Herman Middleton
Charles Eddie Moore
Oneal Moore
William Lewis Moore
Mack Charles Parker
Lemuel Penn
James Reeb
John Earl Reese
Carole Robertson
Michael Schwerner
Henry Ezekial Smith
Lamar Smith
Emmett Till
Clarence Triggs
Virgil Lamar Ware
Cynthia Wesley
Ben Chester White
Sammy Younge Jr.
Related
Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore
Mississippi Cold Case
Civil Rights Movement
show
Coretta Scott King
April 27, 1927 – January 30, 2006
Life
Childhood and education
Civil rights movement
1967 San Francisco anti-war march
King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
2004 Gandhi Peace Prize
Death and funeral
Books
My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr. (1969 autobiography)
Other
Martin Luther King Jr. Day
Reaction
Recognition and tributes
Namesakes
Coretta Scott King Award
Coretta Scott King Young Women's Leadership Academy